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            <h2 class="toc-title">目录</h2>
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        </div><article class="page single"><h1 class="single-title animated flipInX">nginx配置限流</h1><div class="post-meta">
            <div class="post-meta-line"><span class="post-author"><a href="/" title="Author" rel=" author" class="author"><i class="fas fa-user-circle fa-fw"></i>guohailan</a></span>&nbsp;<span class="post-category">收录于 <a href="/categories/nginx/"><i class="far fa-folder fa-fw"></i>nginx</a></span></div>
            <div class="post-meta-line"><i class="far fa-calendar-alt fa-fw"></i>&nbsp;<time datetime="2020-11-08">2020-11-08</time>&nbsp;<i class="fas fa-pencil-alt fa-fw"></i>&nbsp;约 1759 字&nbsp;
                <i class="far fa-clock fa-fw"></i>&nbsp;预计阅读 4 分钟&nbsp;<span id="/nginx%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE%E9%99%90%E6%B5%81/" class="leancloud_visitors" data-flag-title="nginx配置限流">
                        <i class="far fa-eye fa-fw"></i>&nbsp;<span class=leancloud-visitors-count></span>&nbsp;次阅读
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        data-src="/images/thumbnail/nginx-logo.png"
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                <div class="details-content toc-content" id="toc-content-static"><nav id="TableOfContents">
  <ul>
    <li>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#ngx_http_limit_req_module">ngx_http_limit_req_module</a></li>
        <li><a href="#配置示例">配置示例</a></li>
        <li><a href="#参数解析">参数解析</a></li>
        <li><a href="#验证">验证</a></li>
        <li><a href="#跳转自定义页面">跳转自定义页面</a></li>
        <li><a href="#nginx常见内置变量">nginx常见内置变量</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>
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            </div><div class="content" id="content"><p>系统设计时一般会预估负载，当系统暴露在公网中时，恶意攻击或正常突发流量等都可能导致系统被压垮，而限流就是保护措施之一。限流即控制流量，本文将记录 Nginx 的一种速率限流设置。</p>
<h3 id="ngx_http_limit_req_module">ngx_http_limit_req_module</h3>
<p>ngx_http_limit_req_module模块提供限制请求处理速率能力，使用了漏桶算法(leaky bucket)，即能够强行保证请求的实时处理速度不会超过设置的阈值。
<figure><a class="lightgallery" href="/images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81%e7%ae%97%e6%b3%95.png" title="/images/nginx配置限流/限流算法.png" data-thumbnail="/images/nginx配置限流/限流算法.png" data-sub-html="<h2> </h2>">
        <img
            class="lazyload"
            src="/svg/loading.min.svg"
            data-src="/images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81%e7%ae%97%e6%b3%95.png"
            data-srcset="/images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81%e7%ae%97%e6%b3%95.png, /images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81%e7%ae%97%e6%b3%95.png 1.5x, /images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81%e7%ae%97%e6%b3%95.png 2x"
            data-sizes="auto"
            alt="/images/nginx配置限流/限流算法.png" />
    </a><figcaption class="image-caption"> </figcaption>
    </figure>
算法思想是：</p>
<ul>
<li>令牌以固定速率产生，并缓存到令牌桶中；</li>
<li>令牌桶放满时，多余的令牌被丢弃；</li>
<li>请求要消耗等比例的令牌才能被处理；</li>
<li>令牌不够时，请求被缓存。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="配置示例">配置示例</h3>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
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<td class="lntd">
<pre class="chroma"><code class="language-nginx" data-lang="nginx"><span class="k">http</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="c1">#表示设置一块10m的共享内存来保存键值得状态，键为$uri，平均处理的频率不超过每秒1次
</span><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="kn">limit_req_zone</span> <span class="nv">$uri</span> <span class="s">zone=one:10m</span> <span class="s">rate=1r/s</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="kn">...</span>
    <span class="s">server</span> <span class="p">{</span>
        <span class="kn">...</span>
        <span class="s">location</span> <span class="s">/limittest</span> <span class="p">{</span>
            <span class="c1">#使用共享内存one，同时允许超过频率限制的请求数不多于5个,nodelay表示不希望超过的请求被延迟
</span><span class="c1"></span>            <span class="kn">limit_req</span> <span class="s">zone=one</span> <span class="s">burst=5</span> <span class="s">nodelay</span><span class="p">;</span>
            <span class="c1">#如果超出限制，返回429的返回码
</span><span class="c1"></span>            <span class="kn">limit_req_status</span> <span class="mi">429</span><span class="p">;</span>
        <span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><h3 id="参数解析">参数解析</h3>
<p>设置共享内存区域和请求的最大突发大小。如果请求速率超过为某个区域配置的速率，则它们的处理会延迟（不配置nodelay参数情况下），从而使请求按指定速率处理。过多的请求被延迟，直到它们的数量超过最大突发大小，在这种情况下请求被终止并出现错误。默认情况下，最大突发大小等于零。</p>
<p><code>limit_req_zone key zone=zone:size rate=rate;</code></p>
<p><strong>key</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>若客户的请求匹配了key，则进入zone。可以是文本、变量，通常为Nginx变量。如$binary_remote_addr(客户的ip)，$uri(不带参数的请求地址)，$request_uri(带参数的请求地址)，$server_name(服务器名称)。支持组合使用，使用空格隔开。
<strong>zone</strong></li>
<li>使用zone=one，指定此zone的名字为one。
<strong>size</strong></li>
<li>在zone=name后面紧跟:size，指定此zone的内存大小。如zone=name:10m，代表name的共享内存大小为10m。通常情况下，1m可以保存16000个状态。
<strong>rate</strong></li>
<li>使用rate=1r/s，限制平均1秒不超过1个请求。使用rate=1r/m，限制平均1分钟不超过1个请求。如果需要每秒小于一个请求的速率，则按每分钟请求（r/m）指定。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="验证">验证</h3>
<p>编辑nginx配置文件<code>nginx.conf</code>,加入限流配置，
先执行<code>nginx -t</code>检查配置是否ok，如果返回success表示文件检查ok</p>
<p><figure><a class="lightgallery" href="/images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e6%a3%80%e6%9f%a5.png" title="/images/nginx配置限流/文件检查.png" data-thumbnail="/images/nginx配置限流/文件检查.png" data-sub-html="<h2> </h2>">
        <img
            class="lazyload"
            src="/svg/loading.min.svg"
            data-src="/images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e6%a3%80%e6%9f%a5.png"
            data-srcset="/images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e6%a3%80%e6%9f%a5.png, /images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e6%a3%80%e6%9f%a5.png 1.5x, /images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e6%a3%80%e6%9f%a5.png 2x"
            data-sizes="auto"
            alt="/images/nginx配置限流/文件检查.png" />
    </a><figcaption class="image-caption"> </figcaption>
    </figure></p>
<p>然后执行<code>nginx -s reload</code>重启nginx，使配置生效
浏览器访问配置了限流的url进行验证，可以看到有429返回，表示限流配置生效
<figure><a class="lightgallery" href="/images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81%e9%aa%8c%e8%af%81.png" title="/images/nginx配置限流/限流验证.png" data-thumbnail="/images/nginx配置限流/限流验证.png" data-sub-html="<h2> </h2>">
        <img
            class="lazyload"
            src="/svg/loading.min.svg"
            data-src="/images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81%e9%aa%8c%e8%af%81.png"
            data-srcset="/images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81%e9%aa%8c%e8%af%81.png, /images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81%e9%aa%8c%e8%af%81.png 1.5x, /images/nginx%e9%85%8d%e7%bd%ae%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81/%e9%99%90%e6%b5%81%e9%aa%8c%e8%af%81.png 2x"
            data-sizes="auto"
            alt="/images/nginx配置限流/限流验证.png" />
    </a><figcaption class="image-caption"> </figcaption>
    </figure></p>
<h3 id="跳转自定义页面">跳转自定义页面</h3>
<p>nginx触发限流后返回的页面非常不友好，因此我们可以开启自定义error页面，使返回页面更加友好</p>
<p>下面这段代码可以配置在server级别，也可以配置在location级别，为了不影响别的文根，此处我们在location下配置</p>
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<pre class="chroma"><code class="language-nginx" data-lang="nginx"><span class="k">location</span> <span class="s">/limittest</span> <span class="p">{</span>
    <span class="kn">...</span>
    <span class="c1"># 关键参数：这个变量开启后，我们才能自定义错误页面，当后端返回429，nginx拦截错误定义错误页面
</span><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="s">fastcgi_intercept_errors</span> <span class="no">on</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="kn">error_page</span>  <span class="mi">429</span> <span class="s">/429.html</span><span class="p">;</span>
    <span class="c1">#error_page 429 = http://www.test.com/429.html; 也可以重定向到另一个url
</span><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="kn">...</span>
<span class="err">}</span>
</code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><p><code>注意</code>:如果nginx返回的是本地的html，则页面状态码和定义的相同。若是跳转到某个url，页面状态码为302。</p>
<h3 id="nginx常见内置变量">nginx常见内置变量</h3>
<ul>
<li>$args #这个变量等于请求行中的参数。</li>
<li>$content_length #请求头中的Content-length字段。</li>
<li>$content_type #请求头中的Content-Type字段。</li>
<li>$document_root #当前请求在root指令中指定的值。</li>
<li>$host #请求主机头字段，否则为服务器名称。</li>
<li>$http_user_agent #客户端agent信息</li>
<li>$http_cookie #客户端cookie信息</li>
<li>$limit_rate #这个变量可以限制连接速率。</li>
<li>$request_body_file #客户端请求主体信息的临时文件名。</li>
<li>$request_method #客户端请求的动作，通常为GET或POST。</li>
<li>$remote_addr #客户端的IP地址。</li>
<li>$remote_port #客户端的端口。</li>
<li>$remote_user #已经经过Auth Basic Module验证的用户名。</li>
<li>$request_filename #当前请求的文件路径，由root或alias指令与URI请求生成。</li>
<li>$query_string #与$args相同。</li>
<li>$scheme #HTTP方法（如http，https）。</li>
<li>$server_protocol #请求使用的协议，通常是HTTP/1.0或HTTP/1.1。</li>
<li>$server_addr #服务器地址，在完成一次系统调用后可以确定这个值。</li>
<li>$server_name #服务器名称。</li>
<li>$server_port #请求到达服务器的端口号。</li>
<li>$request_uri #包含请求参数的原始URI，不包含主机名，如：”/foo/bar.php?arg=baz”。</li>
<li>$uri #不带请求参数的当前URI，$uri不包含主机名，如”/foo/bar.html”。</li>
<li>$document_uri #与$uri相同。</li>
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                <span>更新于 2020-11-08</span>
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